How to compost at home

Composting is a natural process that transforms organic waste into organic fertilizer. This method helps reduce the amount of garbage sent to landfills and enriches the soil, promoting the health of our urban garden and all kinds of plants. Furthermore, composting helps sequester carbon dioxide in the soil and allows us to save on the purchase of nutrient inputs for our plants, whether ornamental or horticultural.

Importance of composting

Composting is an essential practice that contributes to the health of the soil and, consequently, to the well-being of any society. Through this process, organic waste is given value and circularity is promoted at various levels.

Benefits for the environment

Composting plays a crucial role in waste reduction. By transforming organic waste into compost, the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills is reduced. This, in turn, helps minimize greenhouse gas emissions generated from anaerobic decomposition in these sites.

• Nutrient recycling: By composting, the nutrients present in organic waste are reintegrated into the soil, promoting a natural soil cycle and supporting the microbial life of the soil.
• Pollution reduction: Decreasing the volume of waste sent to landfills also helps reduce soil and water pollution, since less organic matter in uncontrolled decomposition processes means less polluting leachate.
• Promoting biodiversity: The use of compost in gardens helps create a healthier environment that attracts and feeds flora and fauna.

Economic advantages

Composting not only benefits the environment but also has positive economic implications for households and local communities. Creating compost from organic waste can result in significant savings.

• Reduced waste management costs: By producing less waste, families can decrease the number of garbage collections, leading to a decrease in expenses associated with public waste management.
• Savings on fertilizers: Using homemade compost instead of buying commercial fertilizers reduces costs in urban agriculture by providing a natural and nutrient-rich fertilizer.
• Increased property value: A well-maintained garden or orchard with healthy compost can increase the attractiveness and value of a plot of land or house, benefiting those who care for it in the long term.

Soil improvements

Using compost in the soil offers numerous advantages that go beyond simple fertilization. Compost improves soil structure and health, which benefits crops and plant yields.

• Increased water retention: Compost improves the soil's ability to retain water, reducing the need for irrigation and helping plants withstand drought.
• Soil structure improvement: Compost helps aerate the soil, which facilitates root growth and promotes beneficial biological activity, creating a more balanced ecosystem.
• Soil problem correction: It can be used to remediate degraded soils, increasing their fertility and restoring their vitality.

Materials needed for composting

Composting requires certain materials that are essential for the effective decomposition of organic waste. Below, we detail the basic components needed to start and maintain the composting process.

Compost bin

The composter is the device where the decomposition of organic materials takes place. It can vary in size and design, but it is essential that it meets certain characteristics to optimize the process.

Types of composters

• Plastic composters : They are usually easy to move and have a design that allows good air circulation.
• Wooden composters: They can be custom-built, adapted to different spaces, and process more organic waste, although they require more maintenance.
• Pallet composters: For those looking for the most economical option, despite compromising aesthetics and some functionality.
• Drum composters: They allow for easy mixing but can process a smaller amount of waste and require access to land.

Adequate ventilation

For compost to decompose properly, it is essential that the composter has adequate ventilation. Air circulation helps prevent unpleasant odors and promotes the activity of beneficial microorganisms. Models with holes in the sides or lid are recommended to facilitate this process.

Compost materials

Choosing the right composting materials is crucial. They fall into two main categories, which must be properly mixed to produce healthy compost.

Dry materials

• Dried leaves: They provide carbon and help balance humidity.
• Small branches: They help aerate the compost and are rich in carbon.
• Cardboard and paper: Properly decomposed and without plastic finishes, they are excellent sources of carbon.
• Straw or hay: Provides structure to the compost and improves aeration.

Wet materials

• Fruit and vegetable scraps: Sources of nitrogen, they are ideal for starting composting and are preferred by earthworms.
• Eggshells: They provide calcium and are beneficial for the soil, ideally crushed.
• Coffee grounds and residues: They increase the nitrogen content and attract or stimulate earthworms.
• Pruning waste: Provides nutrients and minerals to the compost and should be used in moderation given the time required for its decomposition.

Balance between dry and wet materials

The balance between dry and wet materials is essential. The correct ratio allows for efficient composting and prevents problems such as unpleasant odors or compaction. Generally, a ratio of 3 parts dry materials to 1 part wet materials is recommended, except for vermicomposting, where the ratio should be reversed.

Earthworms and their role in composting

Earthworms play a vital role in composting, as they help to decompose organic matter more quickly and effectively. Their inclusion can significantly enrich the mixture or be essential in the case of home worm composters.

Advantages of using earthworms

• They accelerate the decomposition process, transforming waste into compost in less time.
• Production of humus, which is an excellent natural fertilizer.
• It improves soil structure, promoting water and nutrient retention.

How to incorporate earthworms into aerobic composting

To introduce worms to your composter, you can start with a starter colony, which you can purchase from farmers or specialized online stores like Urban Green Club. It's important to ensure there's enough organic matter for them to feed on. Starting with approximately 100 adult worms per 1 kg of organic waste is a good practice.

Preparing the compost bin

Proper composting is essential for the efficient decomposition of organic materials. The location and base are key factors that will influence the composting process.

Ideal location

The composter should be located in an accessible area and ideally protected from the elements. This choice is crucial for maintaining the proper internal temperature, which promotes microbial activity. An area near the kitchen makes it easier to access the organic waste generated daily.

It's advisable to avoid extremely shady or damp locations, as the cold will slow down the decomposition process. Ensure the composter is kept away from water sources that could cause unwanted waterlogging.

Preparing the base

Having a proper base is crucial for the health of the compost bin. This will help improve aeration and drainage, minimizing problems with excessive moisture that can negatively affect the quality of the compost.

First layer of dry material

Creating a first layer of dry materials is essential for a good start in composting. This base (or bed in the case of worm composters) can consist of dry leaves, small branches, straw, or cardboard. This layer absorbs excess moisture and prevents the wet materials on top from becoming waterlogged.

The thickness of this first layer should be at least 10-15 centimeters for aerobic compost piles and 3 centimeters for vermicomposters. This will provide adequate support for the organic waste that will be added later. It also helps create an aerated environment that will promote the activity of the microorganisms necessary for decomposition.

Adequate drainage

Good drainage is vital for successful composting. Compost bins should have a base that allows for air circulation and the drainage of excess liquid.

This not only facilitates drainage but also allows oxygen to enter, which is essential for the microorganisms that decompose organic matter without producing unpleasant odors. The combination of a good base of dry materials and an effective drainage system ensures an optimal environment for composting.

Step-by-step instructions for making compost

The composting process may seem complicated, but by following a few simple steps, you can transform organic matter into valuable natural fertilizer. Below are the steps necessary to carry out this task effectively.

Add the organic waste

Adding organic waste or scraps is essential to start the composting process. It's important to do this in layers, ensuring proper decomposition of the materials.

Layer of dry material

The first layer should consist of dry materials, which are rich in carbon. These help prevent waterlogging and provide aeration to the compost. Examples of dry materials include:

• Dry leaves
• Small branches
• Shredded cardboard
• Paper without ink and without lamination
• Straw

Layer of wet material

On top of the layer of dry materials, a layer of moist materials, rich in nitrogen, should be added. This layer is essential to provide the necessary nutrients for decomposition. Moist materials include:

• Fruit and vegetable scraps
• Eggshells
• Coffee grounds
• Remains of herbs and plants

Alternating layers

The secret to successful composting lies in maintaining a balance between layers of dry and wet materials. Alternating these layers helps create an optimal environment for microorganisms to do their work. In the case of aerobic piles, a layering pattern of approximately 15-20 cm thick can be followed to ensure good mixing; in the case of worm bins, instead of using layers, it is best to cover the surface with a single layer of dry material to deter flying insects.

Watering the compost

The moisture level is a crucial factor in composting. It's important that the compost is moist, but not soggy, to encourage microbial activity and worm life.

Adequate humidity level

The ideal moisture level in compost is a consistency similar to a damp sponge. If it feels dry to the touch, add water. If it's too wet, you may need to mix in more dry material.

How to add water

When you need to water the compost, do so gradually. You can use a watering can or a spray bottle, making sure the water is distributed evenly. It's important not to add too much water to avoid waterlogging the compost.

Stir the mixture

In the case of aerobic compost piles, turning the compost every few days is an essential practice that aerates the mixture and accelerates the decomposition process. Properly incorporating the materials will ensure they decompose evenly.

In the case of vermicomposting, this step is not necessary and in fact it is advisable to avoid disturbing the worms unnecessarily.

Techniques for turning or stirring aerobic compost piles

To turn the compost, you can use a shovel, a fork (ideally), or a rake. Start from the bottom and lift the mixture upwards to incorporate all the ingredients. This will allow air to penetrate and stimulate biological activity.

We often think of the image of an onion and its layers, in which we will try to move the outer layers inside and vice versa.

Common problems and solutions

Bad smells

Bad smells in compost can indicate problems in the decomposition process. Generally, unpleasant odors result from excessive moisture or an improper mix of materials.

• Excessive humidity: Overly wet compost can create an anaerobic environment, leading to the proliferation of bacteria that produce foul-smelling gases. To address this problem, it is recommended to:
• Check the moisture level and add dry materials, such as dry leaves or straw, to balance the mixture.
• In the case of aerobic compost piles, stir the compost regularly to increase aeration and allow aerobic microorganisms to work on decomposition.
• Make sure there is good ventilation in the composter, by making holes in the sides or lid if necessary.
• Inappropriate mixture: An imbalance between wet and dry materials can result in odors. To avoid this:
• Alternate layers of dry materials (rich in carbon) and wet materials (rich in nitrogen) when adding waste to the composter.
• Include a variety of materials to diversify the nutrient source and promote more balanced decomposition.

Pests and insects

During composting, the presence of insects or rodents can be a common problem. These can be attracted by inappropriate food scraps or a poorly designed composter.

• Insects: Some insects are beneficial to the composting process, but others can be pests. To control their presence:
• Avoid adding fatty foods, meats or dairy products, which tend to attract pests.
• Keep the composter covered or use a lid that allows ventilation but prevents animals from entering.
• Review and adjust the composition of the compost if pests are observed, ensuring an adequate balance between materials.
• Rodents: The presence of rodents can be a sign that the composter is not properly sealed or that unsuitable materials are being used. To prevent their appearance:
• Use composters with lids designed for this use or with mesh covers, which prevent access by rodents.
• Check the compost regularly to remove any residue that may have attracted these animals.

Compost too dry or too wet

Compost can present problems if it is excessively dry or wet. Both conditions can hinder decomposition and affect the quality of the final compost.

• Compost too dry: Dry compost can indicate insufficient moisture. This can slow microbial activity. Solutions include:
• Add water to the compost, making sure it is evenly distributed throughout all layers.
• Include moist materials, such as fruit or vegetable scraps, to provide the necessary moisture.
• Review the frequency of turning the compost, as doing so can redistribute moisture more effectively.
• Compost too wet: Waterlogged compost can cause unpleasant odors and anaerobic decomposition. To alleviate this:
• Add dry materials, such as straw or cardboard, that absorb excess moisture.
• Stir the compost to allow it to aerate and prevent liquid buildup.
• Consider installing a drainage system in the composter, if necessary, to facilitate the removal of excess water.

How to tell if the compost is ready

Determining whether compost has reached maturity is essential to ensure it can be used efficiently in the garden. Several indicators can help signal the right time to harvest it.

Visual indicators

Visual changes in the compost are one of the first signs that it's ready. Here are some things to look out for:

• Color: Mature compost has a dark brown or black color, similar to nutrient-rich soil.
• Uniformity: The mixture must be homogeneous, with no individual organic materials that were added being recognizable.
• Volume reduction: Over time, the volume of the compost should decrease considerably due to the decomposition of the materials.

Texture and smell of compost

The texture and smell of compost are crucial for assessing its condition. Well-matured compost should have the following characteristics:

• Texture: It should be soft and fluffy, ensuring that the materials have decomposed properly.
• Smell: Compost should have a pleasant, earthy aroma (like the smell of a forest!). A strong or unpleasant smell may indicate that it is still decomposing.

Decomposition time

The time required for compost to reach maturity can vary, but there are some reference times that may be helpful:

• Conventional aerobic composting: Generally, the compost will be ready in three to six months, depending on conditions such as the mix of materials and the management of air and moisture. To ensure it's not too strong for garden plants, it's common practice to let it mature for another three months.
• Using earthworms: If earthworms are used, the process can be accelerated, and the compost could be ready in a much shorter period.

Home composting: tips and tricks

Home composting should be a rewarding, educational, and liberating experience. Here are several strategies for optimizing the process, involving household members, and adapting to small spaces.

How much space do you need?

The space required for composting can vary depending on the amount of organic waste generated. However, it is possible to implement an efficient system in different spaces. Below are some considerations:

• For a family home, at least one large worm composter or aerobic composter of at least one cubic meter is recommended.
• On small balconies or patios, worm composters of any size can be used.
• It is essential to have an accessible place, preferably in the kitchen or near the garden.

How to involve the family

Composting can be a group activity that promotes environmental education and teamwork. Here are some strategies for involving all members of the household:

• Share in conversations the practical benefits of waste reduction and local success stories.
• Assign specific, enjoyable tasks, such as collecting food scraps or mixing compost.
• Incorporate games or educational activities related to nature and composting, as well as having an urban garden that offers harvests as soon as possible.

Alternatives for people with limited space

For those who live in apartments or limited spaces, there are several alternatives for efficient composting:

• Worm composters suitable for indoor or outdoor use; they are compact and easy to handle.
• Participate in a community composting system or community garden projects.
• Use more sophisticated composting devices, such as bokashi.

Importance of environmental awareness

Environmental awareness plays a crucial role in creating a collective understanding of sustainability and ecosystem conservation. Through educational initiatives, responsible and sustainable practices can be fostered from a young age.

Composting in schools

Implementing composting programs in schools not only contributes to waste reduction but also offers a valuable multidisciplinary educational opportunity. Students can learn about the nutrient cycle, biodiversity, and the importance of natural resources.

Including composting practices in the school curriculum allows:

• Promoting environmental responsibility among young people.
• Develop practical skills related to waste management.
• Raising awareness about the impact of organic waste and its decomposition.
• Integrate scientific concepts in a practical and applied way.

Community composting programs

Community composting programs are an excellent way to boost citizen participation in sustainability. These initiatives can involve neighbors, neighborhood associations, and environmental groups, creating a sense of community and a shared commitment to the environment.

Participating in a community program offers benefits such as:

• Facilitate access to a composter for those who do not have space in their homes.
• Provide education and resources on waste reduction and organic recycling.
• Promoting social cohesion through joint work on local projects.
• Promote biodiversity in the community by enriching the soil in parks, gardens, and even public paved lots.

The creation of community composting networks allows residents to be integrated into an organic recycling process that benefits both the environment and the people of the town at different levels.

Composting and sustainability

Composting plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability. By transforming organic waste into fertilizer, it contributes to environmental conservation and establishes connections between caring for the Earth and producing healthy food.

Reduction of carbon footprint

One of the main advantages of composting is the reduction of the carbon footprint. This process helps minimize greenhouse gas emissions generated in landfills. When organic waste decomposes in a landfill, it produces methane, a gas that is significantly more potent than carbon dioxide. By composting, this waste is treated in a way that prevents anaerobic decomposition and the production of methane.

• Composting not only reduces the amount of waste, but also promotes the use of local resources, which decreases the need for transportation and, therefore, the associated emissions.
• Composting practices contribute to a more circular nutrient life cycle. The nutrients that return to the soil through compost help reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, the production of which requires large amounts of energy.

Promoting biodiversity

Composting also has a positive impact on soil biodiversity. This natural process promotes a healthier ecosystem, encouraging biological activity that contributes to soil fertility. The microorganisms, earthworms, and other organisms that live in compost enrich the soil, which in turn benefits plants and associated wildlife.

• Soil rich in organic matter improves water retention and aeration, creating a more favorable environment for the growth of diverse plant species.
• The diversity of microorganisms in compost acts as a natural shield against pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical pesticides that can be harmful to the environment.

Thus, by practicing composting, not only is the health of the soil promoted, but also that of the surrounding ecosystems, fostering a more diverse and balanced natural ecosystem.